The judge overseeing Donald Trump’s hush money trial has clarified that the gagging order pertaining to the former president does not prohibit him from testifying on his own behalf.

Judge Juan M Merchan started the trial on Friday by making that clarification, apparently responding to comments the Republican former president made after court the day before.

“The order restricting extrajudicial statements does not prevent you from testifying in any way,” the judge said in court in New York, adding that the order does not limit what Trump says on the witness stand.

The judge’s comments came after Trump’s statement to reporters on Thursday that he was “not allowed to testify” due to the gagging order, an apparent reversal of Trump’s earlier vow that he would “absolutely” take the witness stand.

Criminal defendants have a constitutional right to take the stand and cannot be forced to incriminate themselves.

Judge Merchan directed his comments to Trump and his lawyers, saying it had come to his attention that there may have been a “misunderstanding” regarding the order.

Ahead of walking into court on Friday, Trump clarified his earlier comments, saying that the gagging order does not stop him from testifying in the case but instead stops him from “talking about people and responding when they say things about me”.

The gagging order, which bars Trump from commenting publicly about witnesses, prosecutors, court staff and jurors but does not pertain to Judge Merchan or Manhattan District Attorney Alvin Bragg, also came up as Trump briefly returned to the campaign trail earlier this week in Michigan and Wisconsin.

On Wednesday, Trump called the judge “crooked” for holding him in contempt of court and imposing a a 9,000 US dollar (£7,170) fine for making public statements from his Truth Social account about people connected to the criminal case.

“There is no crime. I have a crooked judge. He’s a totally conflicted judge,” Trump told supporters at an event in Waukesha, Wisconsin, claiming again that this, and other cases against him, are led by the White House to undermine his 2024 campaign to win back the presidency.

Trump insists he is merely exercising his free speech rights, but the offending posts from his Truth Social account and campaign website were taken down.

He has said he plans to testify at his trial.

If Trump continued to violate his orders, Judge Merchan said, he would “impose an incarceratory punishment”.

In issuing the original gagging order in March, the judge cited Trump’s history of “threatening, inflammatory, denigrating” remarks about people involved in his legal cases.

Prosecutors want to directly tie Trump to payments that were made to silence women with damaging claims about him before the 2016 presidential election.

Trump is charged with 34 counts of falsifying internal Trump Organisation business records but denies any wrongdoing.

The charges stem from things like invoices and cheques that were deemed legal expenses in Trump Organisation records when prosecutors say they were really reimbursements to his lawyer, and fixer, Michael Cohen for a 130,000 dollar (£104,000) hush money payment to porn performer, Stormy Daniels.